Upsc Aspirants

1800–1899  (A.D.)  World History 1800 Napoleon conquers Italy, firmly establishes himself as First Consul in France. In the U.S., federal government moves to Washington, D.C. Robert Owen's social reforms in England. William Herschel discovers infrared rays. Alessandro Volta produces electricity. 1801 Austria makes temporary peace with France. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland established with one monarch and one parliament; Catholics excluded from voting. 1803 U.S. negotiates Louisiana Purchase from France: for $15 million, U.S. doubles its domain, increasing its territory by 827,000 sq mi (2,144,500 sq km), from Mississippi River to Rockies and from Gulf of Mexico to British North America. 1804 Haiti declares independence from France; first black nation to gain freedom from European colonial rule. Napoleon transforms the Consulate of France into an empire, proclaims himself emperor of France, systematizes French law under  Co...

1000–1099  (A.D.)  World History c. 1000–1300 Classic Pueblo period of Anasazi culture; cliff dwellings. c. 1000 Hungary and Scandinavia converted to Christianity. Viking raider Leif Eriksson discovers North America, calls it Vinland.  Beowulf,  Old English epic. c. 1008 Murasaki Shikibu finishes  The Tale of Genji,  the world's first novel. 1009 Muslims destroy Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. 1013 Danes control England. Canute takes throne  (1016),  conquers Norway  (1028),  dies  (1035);  kingdom divided among his sons: Harold Harefoot (England), Sweden (Norway), Hardecanute (Denmark). 1040 Macbeth murders Duncan, king of Scotland. 1053 Robert Guiscard, Norman invader, establishes kingdom in Italy, conquers Sicily  (1072). 1054 Final separation between Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Roman) churches. 1055 Seljuk Turks, Asian nomads, move west, capture Baghdad, Armenia...

4.5 billion – 1 B.C. World History Before Christ  (B.C.)  or Before the Common Era  (B.C.E.) 4.5 billion  B.C. Planet Earth formed. 3 billion  B.C. First signs of primeval life (bacteria and blue-green algae) appear in oceans. 600 million  B.C. Earliest date to which fossils can be traced. 4.4 million  B.C. Earliest known hominid fossils ( Ardipithecus ramidus ) found in Aramis, Ethiopia, 1994. 4.2 million  B.C. Australopithecus anamnesis  found in Lake Turkana, Kenya, 1995. 3.2 million  B.C. Australopithecus afarenis  (nicknamed “Lucy”) found in Ethiopia, 1974. 2.5 million  B.C. Homo habilis  (“Skillful Man”). First brain expansion; is believed to have used stone tools. 1.8 million  B.C. Homo Erectus  (“Upright Man”). Brain size twice that of  Australopithecine  species. 1.7 million  B.C. Homo Erectus  leaves Africa. 100,000  B.C. Fi...