Upsc Aspirants

The Mughal Dynasty From the latter half of the 16th century they exp anded their kingdom from Agra and Delhi until in the 17th century they controlled nearly all of the subcontinent. They imposed structures of administration and ideas of governance that outlasted their rule, leaving a political legacy that succeeding rulers of the subcontinent could not ignore. Babur The first Mughal emperor (1526- 1530) Political situation in northwest India was suitable for Babur to enter India . Sikandar Lodi died in 1517 and Ibrahim Lodi succeded him. I.Lodhi tried to create strong centralized empire which alarmed Afghan chiefs as well as Rajputs. So in 1526 he defeated the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi and his Afghan supporters, at (First) Panipat (War) and captured Delhi and Agra. The establishment of an empire in the Indo-Gangetic valley by Babur was a threat to Rana Sanga. So in 1527 – defeated Rana Sanga, Rajput rulers and allies at Khanwa [a place west of Agra]. ...

Freedom struggle & Important Movements       Year                             Freedom struggle & important Events 1857 Mutiny against the British 1885 Indian National Congress is founded by A.O. Hume 1905 Partition of Bengal announced 1906 Muslim League was founded at Decca on 31st December. 1908 Khudiram Bose was executed on 30th April. 1908 Tilak was sentenced to six years on charges of sedition on 22nd July. 1909 Minto-Morley Reforms of Indian Councils Act - 21st May. 1911 Delhi durbar held. Partition of Bengal is canceled. 1912 New Delhi established as the new capital of India 1912 A Bomb was thrown on Lord Hardinge on his state entry into Delhi on 23rd December. 1914 The Ghadar Party was formed at San Francisco on 1st November 1914 Tilak was released from jail on 16th June. 1914 Outbreak of the 1st Worl...

Land Reforms and Revenue System  Land is precious for any country and used by people for productivity and as a source of food, for place to live, for wood, for place to work. In India, before colonial rule the land used to be in the hands of the community as a whole. However during the British Raj, this was changed. Lord Cornwallis had introduced Permanent Land Settlement for Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in 1793. According to this the tax farmers appointed by the British rulers was converted as various Land Lords. Under this rule they had to pay fixed commission to East India Company. Thus these intermediaries were formed and called as Jagirdar / Jamindar. Emergence of Tenants:  Following the Land Settlement Act, 1793, the farmers purchase lands from the Land Lords and hire it for their agricultural use. These people who hired the land were called tenants. Variations in Tenency:  Cash Tenents: They pay a fixed tax for the use and occupy of the land. Share ...

Sources of Indian History  Literary Religious (Vedic, Buddhism, Jainism, Sangam) No-religious (Social, Political, Economic etc.) Archaeological (Inscription/ Epigraphy, Numismatics/Coins, Monuments) Foreigner Details  (Greek, Chinese, Arab travellers) Literature Vedas Vidi- to know, Shruti- to hear, verbal transmission, Rig Vedas (1500-1000 BC):  Prayers,  Upveda:  Ayurveda, to mandals/chapters/sections Later Vedic age (1000-600 BC): Samveda:  Saman menas melody, collection of melodies and tunes, MUSDA SAGA, Music and Dance Samaveda,  Upveda:  Gandharveda, hymns dedicated to Soma, Indra, Agni Yajurveda:  Rituals for performing sacrifices TIYAJ,  Upveda:  Dhanurveda i.e. archery Atharvaveda:  Magical charms and spells toward of evil. Upveda:  Shilpveda  -  architecture MATH Vedangas Part of Vedas: Shiksha:  Phonetics Kalpa:  Rituals Vayakarna:  Grammar Jyotis...

Indus valley Civilization : Pre History Era:  Paleolithic Age (35000-9000 BC):  Hunters, gatherers, weather variations were high, no metal, no pottery, no fire, totally dependent on nature. Site example of this era:  Bhimbetka  (located in Bhopal) and more than 500 cave paintings are there of Paleolithic era. Mesolithic Age (9000-4000 BC):  There were also the Hunters, gatherers but started something called as domestication of animal, fire invention, Microlith age (small, pointed, sharp stone tools), bow and arrow, they started fishing also. Site examples of this era: 1.  Bagor (located in Bhilwara, Rajasthan), 2.  Damgarh  (located in Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh). Neolithic Age (4000-2500 BC):  Agriculture, pottery, less dependence on nature, developed villages (community) and started living in mud houses. Site examples of this age: Mehrgarh  (located in Balochistan) they developed here mud brick houses, granaries, too...

Government Of India Acts 1909, 1919, 1935 and 1947. Indian Councils Act of 1909 This Act is also known as the Morley- Minto Reforms. Direct elections to legislative councils; first attempt at introducing a representative and popular element. It changed the name of the Central Legislative Council to the Imperial Legislative Council. The member of Central Legislative Council was increased to 60 from 16. Introduced a system of communal representation for Muslims by accepting the concept of ‘separate electorate’. Indians for the first time in Viceroys executive council . (Satyendra Prasad Sinha, as the law member) Government of India Act of 1919 This Act is also known as the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. The Central subjects were demarcated and separated from those of the Provincial subjects. The scheme of dual governance, ‘Dyarchy’, was introduced in the Provincial subjects. Under dyarchy system, the provincial subjects were divided into tw...