Upsc Aspirants

Panchayati Raj and PESA 1996 The 73rd amendment Act 1992 had made constitutional provisions for the three tier Panchayats all over the country. However, this act is not applicable to Jammu and Kashmir, Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram and certain other areas including scheduled and tribal areas. These other areas include scheduled areas and the tribal areas in the states  hill area of Manipur for which a district council exists  Darjeeling district of West Bengal for which Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council exists. At the same time, Article 243M (4) (b) of the part IX made the provisions that parliament may by law, extend the provisions of this Part to the scheduled areas and the tribal areas. Even before the Parliament could enact legislation, some states such as Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Rajasthan extended the Part IX to their scheduled areas. This means that it became an unconstitutional act on the part of these states. This irked the tribal le...

Sources of Indian History  Literary Religious (Vedic, Buddhism, Jainism, Sangam) No-religious (Social, Political, Economic etc.) Archaeological (Inscription/ Epigraphy, Numismatics/Coins, Monuments) Foreigner Details  (Greek, Chinese, Arab travellers) Literature Vedas Vidi- to know, Shruti- to hear, verbal transmission, Rig Vedas (1500-1000 BC):  Prayers,  Upveda:  Ayurveda, to mandals/chapters/sections Later Vedic age (1000-600 BC): Samveda:  Saman menas melody, collection of melodies and tunes, MUSDA SAGA, Music and Dance Samaveda,  Upveda:  Gandharveda, hymns dedicated to Soma, Indra, Agni Yajurveda:  Rituals for performing sacrifices TIYAJ,  Upveda:  Dhanurveda i.e. archery Atharvaveda:  Magical charms and spells toward of evil. Upveda:  Shilpveda  -  architecture MATH Vedangas Part of Vedas: Shiksha:  Phonetics Kalpa:  Rituals Vayakarna:  Grammar Jyotis...

Indus valley Civilization : Pre History Era:  Paleolithic Age (35000-9000 BC):  Hunters, gatherers, weather variations were high, no metal, no pottery, no fire, totally dependent on nature. Site example of this era:  Bhimbetka  (located in Bhopal) and more than 500 cave paintings are there of Paleolithic era. Mesolithic Age (9000-4000 BC):  There were also the Hunters, gatherers but started something called as domestication of animal, fire invention, Microlith age (small, pointed, sharp stone tools), bow and arrow, they started fishing also. Site examples of this era: 1.  Bagor (located in Bhilwara, Rajasthan), 2.  Damgarh  (located in Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh). Neolithic Age (4000-2500 BC):  Agriculture, pottery, less dependence on nature, developed villages (community) and started living in mud houses. Site examples of this age: Mehrgarh  (located in Balochistan) they developed here mud brick houses, granaries, too...

The term "evolution" usually refers to the biological evolution of living things. But the processes by which planets, stars, galaxies, and the universe form and change over time are also types of "evolution." In all of these cases there is change over time, although the processes involved are quite different. In the late 1920s the American astronomer Edwin Hubble made a very interesting and important discovery. Hubble made observations that he interpreted as showing that distant stars and galaxies are receding from Earth in every direction. Moreover, the velocities of recession increase in proportion with distance, a discovery that has been confirmed by numerous and repeated measurements since Hubble's time. The implication of these findings is that the universe is expanding. Hubble's hypothesis of an expanding universe leads to certain deductions. One is that the universe was more condensed at a previous time. From this deduction came the suggestion t...

Cartographers and geographers divide the Earth into  longitudes  and  latitudes  in order to locate points on the globe. Dividing Earth into Hemispheres Together, they form the Earth’s  geographical coordinates , and represent the angular distance of any location from the centre of the Earth. Both latitudes and longitudes are measured in degrees (°) and minutes (′). The Earth is (almost, but not quite) a sphere that rotates around its axis. If we draw a line passing through the centre of the Earth along its rotational axis, the line would pass through the North and the South Pole. The  Equator  is an imaginary line perpendicular to this axis. It is equidistant from the North and South poles , and divides the globe into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. Most locations on the Equator experience consistently high temperatures throughout the year. They also experience almost 12 hours of daylight every day during the y...

Introduction  The discrimination of one community or its members by another community or its members on account of their religious identity are the instances of religious persecution and they reflect  inter- religious domination . Secularism is the first and foremost doctrine that opposes all such forms of inter- religious domination. Separation, loss, and sufferings are endemic to the human condition, while large part of our suffering is man-made and hence eliminable, at least some of our suffering is not man made. Religion, art, and philosophy are responses to such sufferings. Secularism too accepts this and therefore it is not anti-religious. Religion has its own share of some deep-rooted problems. In religions such as Hinduism, some sections have been persistently discriminated. For example- Dalits have been barred from entering Hindu temples. In some part Hindu women cannot enter temples. When religion is organized, it is frequently taken over by its mos...